As used in this article, the term:

(1) "Calendar quarter" means a period of three calendar months ending on March 31, June 30, September 30, or December 31.

(2) "Dependent exemption" means the withholding exemption status claimed in a withholding exemption certificate in effect under subsection (c) of Code Section 48-7-102.

(2.1) "Distribution paid or credited" shall mean any disbursement of funds or recognition or assignment of interest in proceeds or property of a partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company which is passed through to the members and which may be subject to Georgia income tax.

(3)(A) "Doing business in this state" means a person:

(i) Having or maintaining directly or indirectly an office, warehouse, stock of goods, or other established facility or place of business in this state;

(ii) Performing services or owning, leasing, or operating tangible property in this state on a more or less permanent and not transitory basis; or

(iii) Having an officer, employee, agent, or other representative who has or maintains an office or who regularly or systematically solicits or promotes the person's business in this state.

(B) "Office" as used in this paragraph includes, but is not limited to, the residence of any officer, employee, agent, or representative of a person if the residence is held out to be, or identified in the trade with, the person's business.

(C) "Business" as used in this paragraph includes, but is not limited to, any particular activity, occupation, or employment habitually engaged in whether for financial gain or not.

(4) "Employee" means:

(A) Any individual who is a domiciliary or resident of this state and who performs services either within or outside, or both within and outside, this state for an employer;

(B) Any individual not a domiciliary or resident of this state who performs services within this state for an employer;

(C) An officer, employee, or elected official of any body politic or of any agency or instrumentality of a body politic, and an officer of a corporation; or

(D) Any person to whom a payment of wages is made whether or not the person is an employee of the payer of the wages at the time of payment.

(5) "Employer" means any person for whom an individual who is a resident or domiciliary of this state performs or performed any service of whatever nature within or outside this state or for whom a nonresident individual performs or performed any service of whatever nature within this state as the employee of the person, except that:

(A) If the person for whom the individual performs or performed the services does not have control of the payment of the wages for the service, the term "employer" includes the person having control of the payment of the wages; and

(B) In the case of a person paying wages on behalf of a nonresident individual, foreign partnership, or foreign corporation not doing business within this state, the term "employer" includes the person paying the wages.

(6) "Marital exemption" means the withholding exemption status claimed in a withholding exemption certificate in effect under subsection (c) of Code Section 48-7-102.

(6.1) "Member" shall mean partner, shareholder, or other person to whom the taxpaying obligation of the partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company falls.

(6.2) "Nonresident" shall mean an individual member who resides outside this state and a foreign or domestic corporate member whose headquarters or principal place of business is located outside this state.

(7) "Number of dependent exemptions claimed" means the number of dependent exemptions claimed in a withholding exemption certificate in effect under subsection (c) of Code Section 48-7-102.

(8) "Payroll period" means a period for which a payment of wages is ordinarily made to the employee by an employer. The term "miscellaneous payroll period" means a payroll period other than a daily, weekly, biweekly, semimonthly, monthly, quarterly, semiannual, or annual payroll period.

(8.1) "Periodic payment" means a designated distribution from a pension, annuity, or similar fund which is one of a series of substantially equal distributions made over:

(A) The life or life expectancy of the participant or the joint lives or joint life expectancies of the participant and his or her beneficiary; or

(B) A specified period of ten years or more.

(9) "Single exemption" means the withholding exemption status claimed in a withholding exemption certificate in effect under subsection (c) of Code Section 48-7-102.

(10) "Wages" means all remuneration paid including, but not limited to, the cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other than cash, and shall be computed without any deduction of any amounts withheld by the employer for any reason and regardless of the terminology which the employer or employees may apply to the remuneration. The term does not include remuneration paid: (A) For agricultural labor;

(B) For domestic service in a private home, local college club, or local chapter of a college fraternity or sorority;

(C) For services performed by a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a church in the exercise of his ministry or by a member of a religious order in the exercise of duties required by the order;

(D) For services performed for a foreign government or an international organization;

(E) For service not in the course of the employer's trade or business performed by an employee in any calendar quarter unless the cash remuneration paid for the service is $50.00 or more and the service is performed by an individual who is regularly employed, as defined in the rules and regulations of the commissioner, by the employer to perform the services;

(F) For services performed by an individual under the age of 18 in the delivery or distribution of newspapers or shopping news, not including delivery or distribution to any point for subsequent delivery or distribution, or for services performed by an individual in, and at the time of, the sale of newspapers or magazines to ultimate consumers under an arrangement by which the newspapers or magazines are to be sold by the individual at a fixed price, the individual's compensation being based on his retention of the excess of such price over the amount at which the newspaper or magazines are charged to him. This subparagraph shall apply whether or not the individual is guaranteed a minimum amount of compensation for the service or is entitled to be credited with the unsold newspapers or magazines returned;

(G) For services not in the course of the employer's trade or business to the extent paid in any medium other than cash;

(H) For services for an employer performed by a resident or domiciliary of this state in another state if at the time of the payment of the remuneration the employer is required by the law of the other state to withhold income tax from the remuneration;

(I) For services performed as a master, officer, or any other seaman who is a member of the crew on a vessel engaged in foreign, coastal, intercoastal, interstate, or contiguous trade to the extent withholding from the remuneration is prohibited by the laws of the United States;

(J) To, or on behalf of, any employee:

(i) From or to a trust described in Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which is exempt under Code Section 48-7-25 at the time of the payment unless the payment is made to an employee of the trust as remuneration for services rendered as an employee and not as a beneficiary of the trust;

(ii) Under or to an annuity plan which at the time of the payment meets the requirements of Section 401(a)(3), (4), (5), and (6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; (K) For services performed by a nonresident if the nonresident has been employed within this state for no more than 23 calendar days during the calendar quarter; or

(L) As fees to a public official for services employed by an employee for his employer.