(a)(1) Any partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company which owns property or does business within this state shall be subject to a withholding tax. Such tax shall be withheld from any distributions paid or credited to members who are not residents of Georgia, except as provided in subsection (c) of Code Section 48-7-24.

(2) The amount of tax to be withheld for each nonresident member shall be determined by multiplying the distribution paid or credited by a rate of 4 percent. To the extent that the partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company remits withholding tax during the course of the tax year which exceeds the Georgia income tax liability of a nonresident member, that member shall be entitled to a refund of the excess withholding at the end of the taxable year.

(3) Any partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company which fails to withhold and pay over to the commissioner any amount required to be withheld under this Code section may be liable for a penalty equal to the amount not withheld and paid over. Any penalty imposed under this subsection shall be paid upon notice and demand by the commissioner or the commissioner's delegate and shall be assessed and collected in the same manner as the withholding taxes imposed by this article.

(4) The partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company and its members shall be jointly and severally liable for the withholding tax liability imposed under this subsection and shall be assessed accordingly.

(b)(1) As an alternative to the withholding requirement imposed by subsection (a) of this Code section, the commissioner may allow the filing of composite returns by partnerships, Subchapter "S" corporations, or limited liability companies on behalf of their nonresident members and may provide for the requirements of filing composite returns by regulation. For purposes of this subsection, the term "composite return" shall mean a return filed by a partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company on behalf of all of its nonresident members which reports and remits the Georgia income tax of the nonresident members.

(2) Where a partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company chooses to file a composite return and meets all the requirements of filing the composite return, such partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company shall be exempt from the withholding requirements imposed under subsection (a) of this Code section.

(3) The liability imposed by this subsection shall be paid upon notice and demand by the commissioner or the commissioner's delegate and shall be assessed and collected in the same manner as all other withholding taxes imposed by this article.

(c)(1) If a partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company fails to remit withholding for a nonresident member and the commissioner determines that such failure is due to a false representation that the member is a resident of Georgia, there shall be imposed in addition to the tax a penalty of the greater of $250.00 or 5 percent of the amount which should have been withheld. The partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company and the nonresident member shall be jointly and severally liable for any such penalty imposed.

(2) The penalty imposed by this subsection shall be paid upon notice and demand by the commissioner or the commissioner's delegate and shall be assessed and collected in the same manner as withholding tax imposed by this article.

(d)(1) Every partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company which is required to deduct and withhold the withholding tax imposed by subsection (a) of this Code section shall file the required return on a form approved by the commissioner and remit payment to the department on or before the last day of the calendar month following the calendar month within which the distribution was paid or credited.

(2) Every partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company required to deduct and withhold tax under this article shall furnish, within 30 days of the close of its taxable year, to each nonresident member for which tax is withheld a written statement in duplicate, showing the name of the partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company, the name of the member of the partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company, the member's federal tax identification number, the total amount of distributions paid to the member during the taxable year, and the total amount of tax deducted and withheld with respect to the member during the taxable year. The written statement shall be in a form approved by the commissioner and shall contain such additional information as the commissioner may prescribe. The partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company shall file copies of all such written statements with the commissioner.

(3) Any partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company required to furnish a nonresident member with the written statement required by this subsection which furnishes a false or fraudulent statement or which fails to furnish the statement shall be subject to the penalty contained in subsection (d) of Code Section 48-7-126. The penalty imposed by this subsection shall be paid upon notice and demand by the commissioner or the commissioner's delegate and shall be assessed and collected in the same manner as the withholding tax imposed by this article.

(e)(1) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this Code section, a partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company shall not be required to deduct and withhold tax for a nonresident member if:

(A) A composite return is filed on behalf of nonresident members pursuant to the requirements of filing such composite returns as set by the commissioner;

(B) The aggregate annual distributions made to a member are less than $1,000.00;

(C) A federally chartered Subchapter "S" corporation fails to meet the requirements of subparagraph (b)(7)(B) of Code Section 48-7-21 and is therefore required to remit corporate income tax;

(D) Compliance will cause undue hardship on the partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company, provided that no partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company shall be exempt from complying with the withholding requirements imposed under subsection (a) of this Code section unless the commissioner approves in writing a written petition for exemption from the withholding requirements based on undue hardship. The commissioner may prescribe the form and contents of such a petition and specify standards for when a partnership, Subchapter "S" corporation, or limited liability company will not be required to comply with the withholding requirements due to undue hardship;

(E) The partnership is a publicly traded partnership as defined in Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or

(F) The member meets one of the exceptions as set forth in the rules and regulations promulgated by the commissioner.

(2) Where distributions paid or credited to nonresident members of partnerships, Subchapter "S" corporations, or limited liability companies are subject to withholding under other provisions of Georgia law or represent a return of such member's investment or a return of capital, such distributions shall not be subject to withholding under subsection (a) of this Code section.

(f) The commissioner is authorized to prescribe forms and to promulgate rules and regulations which the commissioner deems necessary in order to effectuate this Code section.